Configuring Additional Swap Space (Tasks)
This chapter provides guidelines and step-by-step instructions for configuring additional swap space after the Solaris release is installed.
This is a list of step-by-step instructions in this chapter.
This is a list of the overview information in this chapter.
About Swap Space
System administrators should understand the features of the SunOS swap mechanism to determine the following:
Swap space requirements
The relationship between swap space and the TMPFS file system
Recovery from error messages related to swap space
Swap Space and Virtual Memory
The Solaris software uses some disk slices for temporary storage rather than for file systems. These slices are called swap slices. Swap slices are used as virtual memory storage areas when the system does not have enough physical memory to handle current processes.
The virtual memory system maps physical copies of files on disk to virtual addresses in memory. Physical memory pages that contain the data for these mappings can be backed by regular files in the file system, or by swap space. If the memory is backed by swap space it is referred to as anonymous memory because there is no identity assigned to the disk space that is backing the memory.
The Solaris environment uses the concept of virtual swap space, a layer between anonymous memory pages and the physical storage (or disk-backed swap space) that actually back these pages. A system's virtual swap space is equal to the sum of all its physical (disk-backed) swap space plus a portion of the currently available physical memory.
Virtual swap space has these advantages:
The need for large amounts of physical swap space is reduced because virtual swap space does not necessarily correspond to physical (disk) storage.
A pseudo file system called SWAPFS provides addresses for anonymous memory pages. Because SWAPFS controls the allocation of memory pages, it has greater flexibility in deciding what happens to a page. For example, SWAPFS might change the page's requirements for disk-backed swap storage.
Swap Space and the TMPFS File System
The TMPFS file system is activated automatically in the Solaris environment by an entry in the /etc/vfstab file. The TMPFS file system stores files and their associated information in memory (in the /tmp directory) rather than on disk, which speeds access to those files. This feature results in a major performance enhancement for applications such as compilers and DBMS products that use /tmp heavily.
The TMPFS file system allocates space in the /tmp directory from the system's swap resources. This feature means that as you use up space in the /tmp directory, you are also using up swap space. So if your applications use the /tmp directory heavily and you do not monitor swap space usage, your system could run out of swap space.
Use the following if you want to use TMPFS but your swap resources are limited:
Mount the TMPFS file system with the size option (-o size) to control how much swap resources TMPFS can use.
Use your compiler's TMPDIR environment variable to point to another larger directory.
Using your compiler's TMPDIR variable only controls whether the compiler is using the /tmp directory. This variable has no effect on other programs' use of the /tmp directory.
Swap Space as a Dump Device
A dump device is usually disk space that is reserved to store system crash dump information. By default, a system's dump device is configured to be an appropriate swap partition. If possible, you should configure a alternate disk partition as a dedicated dump device instead to provide increased reliability for crash dumps and faster reboot time after a system failure. You can configure a dedicated dump device by using the dumpadm command. For more information, see "Managing System Crash Information (Tasks)" in System Administration Guide: Advanced Administration.
If you are using a volume manager to manage your disks, such as Solaris Volume Manager, do not configure your dedicated dump device to be under the control of Solaris Volume Manager. You can keep your swap areas under Solaris Volume Manager's control, which is a recommended practice. However, for accessibility and performance reasons, configure another disk as a dedicated dump device outside of Solaris Volume Manager's control.
How Do I Know If I Need More Swap Space?
Use the swap -l command to determine if your system needs more swap space.
For example, the following swap -l output shows that this system's swap space is almost entirely consumed or at 100% allocation.
% swap -l swapfile dev swaplo blocks free /dev/dsk/c0t0d0s1 136,1 16 1638608 88 |
When a system's swap space is at 100% allocation, an application's memory pages become temporarily locked. Application errors might not occur, but system performance will likely suffer.
For information on adding more swap space to your system, see "How to Create a Swap File and Make It Available".
Swap-Related Error Messages
These messages indicate that an application was trying to get more anonymous memory, and there was no swap space left to back it.
application is out of memory malloc error O messages.1:Sep 21 20:52:11 mars genunix: [ID 470503 kern.warning] WARNING: Sorry, no swap space to grow stack for pid 100295 (myprog) |