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This chapter describes how to load and maintain system images and microcode. System images contain the system software. Microcode images contain microcode (ROM-based machine instructions) to be downloaded to various hardware devices.
To benefit most from the instructions and organization of this chapter, your router must contain a minimal configuration that allows you to interact with the system software. You can create a basic configuration file using the setup command facility. See the "Using Configuration Tools" chapter in this document for information on using setup.
For a complete description of the system image and microcode commands mentioned in this chapter, refer to the "System Image and Microcode Commands" chapter in the Release 12.1 Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference. To locate documentation of other commands that appear in this chapter, use the command reference master index or search online.
You can perform the tasks involving images described in the following sections:
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Note These tasks assume you have a minimal configuration that you want to modify. |
Use the following commands in EXEC mode to display information about system software:
| Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
show bootvar | Lists the contents of the BOOT environment variable, the name of the configuration file pointed to by the CONFIG_FILE environment variable, and the contents of the BOOTLDR environment variable. |
show flash-filesystem: [partition number] [all | chips | detailed | err | summary] (Class B Flash file systems) show flash-filesystem: [all | chips | filesys] (Class A Flash file systems) show flash-filesystem: (Class C Flash file systems) | Lists information about Flash memory. |
show microcode | Displays microcode information. |
show version | Lists the currently running system image file name. Also list ssystem software release version, configuration register setting, and other information. |
Refer to the Cisco IOS Configuration Fundamentals Command Reference for examples of these commands.
System images contain the Cisco IOS software. Your router already has an image on it when you receive it. However, you may want to load a different image onto the router at some point. For example, you may wish to upgrade your software to the latest release, or use the same version of the software for all the routers in a network. Different system images contain different sets of Cisco IOS features. To find out which version (release number) of Cisco IOS is currently running on your system, and the file name of the system image, use the show version command. For example, "Version 12.1" indicates Cisco IOS Release 12.1, and "c7200-js-mz" indicates the system image for a Cisco 7200 series router containing the Enterprise feature set.
The following are two main types of images your router may use:
You can identify the platform, features, and image location by the name of the image. The naming convention for images that are stored on a UNIX system is as follows:
platform-features-typeThe platform variable indicates which platforms can use this image. Examples of platform variables are rsp (Cisco 7000 series with RSP7000 and Cisco 7500 series), c1600 (Cisco 1600 series), and c1005 (Cisco 1005).
The feature variable identifies the feature sets supported by the image.
The type field can contain the following characters:
During a copy operation, you may get the following characters:
The last line in the output indicates whether or not the copy was successful.
To interrupt a copy operation, press Ctrl-^ or Ctrl-Shift-6. The operation terminates, but any partial file copied remains until Flash memory is erased.
Refer to the Internetwork Troubleshooting Guide publication for procedures on how to resolve Flash memory problems.
You can copy system images from Flash memory to an FTP, rcp, or TFTP server. You can use this server copy of the system image as a backup copy, or you can use it to verify that the copy in Flash is the same as the original file on disk. The following sections describe these tasks:
The protocol you use depends on which type of server you are using. The FTP and rcp transport mechanisms provide faster performance and more reliable delivery of data than TFTP. These improvements are possible because the FTP and rcp transport mechanisms are built on and use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack, which is connection-oriented.
To stop the copy process, press Ctrl-^ or Ctrl-Shift-6.
In the output, an exclamation point (!) indicates that the copy process is taking place. Each exclamation point (!) indicates that ten packets have been transferred successfully.
Refer to the Internetwork Troubleshooting Guide publication for procedures on how to resolve Flash memory problems.
You can copy a system image to a TFTP network server. In some implementations of TFTP, you must first create a "dummy" file on the TFTP server and give it read, write, and execute permissions before copying a file over it. Refer to your TFTP documentation for more information.
To copy a system image to a TFTP network server, use the following commands in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | show flash-filesystem: | (Optional) Displays the system image filname in Flash memory. Use this command to verify the url-path of the file and the exact spelling of the system image filename for use in the next command. |
Step 2 | copy flash-url tftp:[[[//location]/directory]/filename] | Copies the system image from Flash memory to a TFTP server. Specify the file location and filename as the flash-url argument. |
Step 3 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
Example: Copying an Image from Flash Memory to a TFTP Server
RouterB# show flash: System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 4137888 c3640-c2is-mz.Feb24 [4137952 bytes used, 12639264 available, 16777216 total] 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)\ Router# copy flash: tftp: IP address of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 172.16.13.110 filename to write on tftp host? c3640-c2is-mz.Feb24 writing c3640-c2is-mz.Feb24 !!!!... successful tftp write.
Example: Copying an Image from Partitioned Flash Memory to a TFTP Server
In this example, the file your-ios is copied from partition 1 of the Flash memory PC card in slot 0 to the TFTP server at 172.23.1.129. The file will be saved with the name your-ios in the dirt/sysadmin directory relative to the directory of the remote username.
Router# copy slot0:1:your-ios tftp://172.23.1.129/dirt/sysadmin/your-ios Verifying checksum for 'your-ios' (file # 1)... OK Copy 'your-ios' from Flash to server as 'dirt/sysadmin/ios-2'? [yes/no] yes !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Upload to server done Flash device copy took 00:00:23 [hh:mm:ss]
You can copy a system image from Flash memory to an rcp network server.
If you copy the configuration file to a personal computer used as a file server, the computer must support rsh.
The rcp protocol requires a client to send a remote username on each rcp request to a server. When you copy an image from the router to a server using rcp, the Cisco IOS software sends the first valid username in the following list:
1. The remote username specified in the copy command, if one if specified.
2. The username set by the ip rcmd remote-username command, if the command is configured.
3. The remote username associated with the current TTY (terminal) process. For example, if the user is connected to the router through Telnet and was authenticated through the username command, the router software sends the Telnet username as the remote username.
4. The router host name.
For the rcp copy request to execute successfully, an account must be defined on the network server for the remote username. If the server has a directory structure, the configuration file or image is written or copied relative to the directory associated with the remote username on the server. The path for all files and images to be copied begins at the remote user's home directory. For example, if the system image resides in the home directory of a user on the server, specify that user's name as the remote username.
If you are writing to the server, the rcp server must be properly configured to accept the rcp write request from the user on the router. For UNIX systems, you must add an entry to the .rhosts file for the remote user on the rcp server. For example, suppose the router contains the following configuration lines:
hostname Rtr1 ip rcmd remote-username User0
If the router's IP address translates to Router1.domain.com, then the .rhosts file for User0 on the rcp server should contain the following line:
Router1.domain.com Rtr1
Refer to the documentation for your rcp server for more details.
To copy the system image from Flash memory to a network server, use the following commands:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | show flash-filesystem: | (Optional) Displays the system image filname in Flash memory. Use this command to verify the url-path of the file and the exact spelling of the system image filename for use in the copy command. |
Step 2 | configure terminal | (Optional) Enters global configuration mode from the terminal. This step is required only if you want to change the default remote username (see Step 3). |
Step 3 | ip rcmd remote-username username | (Optional) Configures the remote username. |
Step 4 | end | (Optional) Exits global configuration mode. This step is required only if you want to change the default remote username (see Step 3). |
Step 5 | copy flash-url rcp:[[[//[username@]location]/directory]/filename] | Copies the system image from Flash memory to a network server using rcp. |
Step 6 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
Router# copy flash:c5200-ds-l rcp:netadmin1@172.16.1.111/c5200-ds-l Verifying checksum for `c5200-ds-l' (file # 1)...[OK] Writing c5200-ds-l -
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# ip rcmd remote-username netadmin1 Router(config)# end Router# copy slot1:test rcp: Address or name of remote host [UNKNOWN]? 172.16.1.111 File name to write to? test Verifying checksum for `test' (file # 1)...[OK] Writing test !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Upload to server done Flash device copy took 00:00:08 [hh:mm:ss]
You can copy a system image to an FTP network server.
The FTP protocol requires a client to send a remote username and password on each FTP request to a server. When you copy a configuration file from the router to a server using FTP, the Cisco IOS software sends the first valid username in the following list:
1. The username specified in the copy command, if a username is specified.
2. The username set by the ip ftp username command, if the command is configured.
3. Anonymous.
The router sends the first valid password in the following list:
1. The password specified in the copy command, if a password is specified.
2. The password set by the ip ftp password command, if the command is configured.
3. The router forms a password username@routername.domain. The variable username is the username associated with the current session, routername is the configured host name, and domain is the domain of the router.
The username and password must be associated with an account on the FTP server. If you are writing to the server, the FTP server must be properly configured to accept the FTP write request from the user on the router.
If the server has a directory structure, the configuration file or image is written to or copied from the directory associated with the username on the server. For example, if the system image resides in the home directory of a user on the server, specify that user's name as the remote username.
Refer to the documentation for your FTP server for more details.
Use the ip ftp username and ip ftp password commands to specify a username and password for all copies. Include the username in the copy command if you want to specify a username for that copy operation only.
To copy a system image to an FTP network server, use the following commands, beginning in privileged EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | (Optional) Enters global configuration mode. This step is required only if you override the default remote username or password (see Steps 2 and 3). |
Step 2 | ip ftp username username | (Optional) Changes the default remote username. |
Step 3 | ip ftp password password | (Optional) Changes the default password. |
Step 4 | end | (Optional) Exits global configuration mode. This step is required only if you override the default remote username or password (see Steps 2 and 3). |
Step 5 | show flash-filesystem: | (Optional) Displays the system image file in the specified Flash directory. If you do not already know it, note the exact spelling of the system image filename in Flash memory. |
Step 6 | copy flash-filesystem:filename ftp:[[[//[username | Copies the image to the FTP server. |
Step 7 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
Router# show flash: System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 4137888 c3640-c2is-mz [4137952 bytes used, 12639264 available, 16777216 total] 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)\ Router# copy flash: tftp: IP address of remote host [255.255.255.255]? 172.16.13.110 filename to write on tftp host? c3600-c2is-mz writing c3640-c2is-mz !!!!... successful ftp write.
Router# show slot1: -#- ED --type-- --crc--- -seek-- nlen -length- -----date/time------ name 1 .. 1 46A11866 2036C 4 746 May 16 1995 16:24:37 test Router# copy slot1:test ftp://thisuser:thatpass@172.16.13.110/test writing test!!!!... successful ftp write.
In this example, the file your-ios is copied from partition 1 of the Flash memory PC card in slot 0 to the TFTP server at 172.23.1.129. The file will be saved with the name your-ios in the dirt/sysadmin directory relative to the directory of the remote username.
Router# show slot0: partition 1 PCMCIA Slot0 flash directory, partition 1: File Length Name/status 1 1711088 your-ios [1711152 bytes used, 2483152 available, 4194304 total] Router# copy slot0:1:your-ios ftp://myuser:mypass@172.23.1.129/dirt/sysadmin/your-ios Verifying checksum for 'your-ios' (file # 1)... OK Copy 'your-ios' from Flash to server as 'dirt/sysadmin/ios-2'? [yes/no] yes !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Upload to server done Flash device copy took 00:00:23 [hh:mm:ss]
You can copy system images or boot image from a TFTP, rcp, or FTP server to a Flash memory file system to upgrade or change the Cisco IOS software or boot image on your router.
The protocol you use depends on which type of server you are using. The FTP and rcp transport mechanisms provide faster performance and more reliable delivery of data than TFTP. These improvements are possible because the FTP and rcp transport mechanisms are built on and use the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) stack, which is connection-oriented.
The following sections describe the copying tasks. The first two tasks and the last task are required. If you have a run-from-Flash system, the third section is required. Perform one of the remaining tasks, depending on which file transfer protocol you use.
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Note When you are upgrading or changing to a different Cisco IOS release, refer to the appropriate release notes for information on system requirements and limitations. |
Filenames in Flash memory can be up to 63 characters long; they are not case-sensitive and are always converted to lowercase.
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Note The destination filename must be an alphanumeric expression. For example, the filename 1 is invalid. |
The filename can be in either lowercase or uppercase; the system ignores case. If more than one file of the same name is copied to Flash, regardless of case, the last file copied becomes the valid file.
Be sure there is enough space available before copying a file to Flash memory. Use the show flash-filesystem: command, and compare the size of the file you want to copy to the amount of Flash memory available. If the space available is less than the amount needed, the copy command is partially executed, but the entire file is not copied into Flash memory. The failure message "buffer overflow - xxxx/xxxx" appears, where xxxx/xxxx is the number of bytes read from the source file and the number of bytes available on the destination device.
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Caution Do not reboot the router if there is no valid image in Flash memory. |
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Note For the Cisco 3600 series, if you do not have access to a network server and need to download a system image, you can copy an image from a local or remote computer (such as a PC, UNIX workstation, or Macintosh) using the Xmodem or Ymodem protocols. See the section "Recovering a System Image Using Xmodem or Ymodem" later in this chapter. |
On Cisco 2500, Cisco 3000, and Cisco 4000 systems, if the file being downloaded to Flash memory is an uncompressed system image, the copy command automatically determines the size of the file being downloaded and validates it with the space available in Flash memory.
On Class B Flash file systems, the router gives you the option of erasing the existing contents of Flash memory before writing to it. If there is no free Flash memory available, or if no files have ever been written to Flash memory, the erase routine is required before new files can be copied. If there is enough free Flash memory, the router gives you the option of erasing the existing Flash memory before writing to it. The system will inform you of these conditions and prompt you for a response.
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Note If you enter n after the "Erase flash before writing?" prompt, the copy process continues. If you enter y and confirm the erasure, the erase routine begins. Be sure to have ample Flash memory space before entering n at the erasure prompt. |
If you attempt to copy a file into Flash memory that is already there, a prompt informs you that a file with the same name already exists. This file is "deleted" when you copy the new file into Flash.
You can copy normal or compressed images to Flash memory. You can produce a compressed system image on any UNIX platform using the compress command. Refer to your UNIX platform's documentation for the exact usage of the compress command.
On some platforms, the Flash security jumper must be installed in order to write to Flash memory. In addition, some platforms have a write protect switch which must be set to unprotected in order to write to Flash memory.
The output and dialogue may vary depending on the platform.
One of the following prompts displayed after the command indicates how the file can be downloaded:
If the file can be downloaded into more than one partition, you are prompted for the partition number. To obtain help, enter any of the following at the partition number prompt:
You cannot run the system from Flash memory and copy to it at the same time. Therefore, for systems that run from Flash, do one of the following before copying to Flash:
Refer to "Compare Types of Memory" section in the "Maintaining Router Memory" chapter of the Configuration Fundamentals Configuration Guide for more information on run-from-Flash systems.
Refer to the appropriate hardware installation and maintenance publication for information about the jumper settings required for your configuration.
To copy a system image from a Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) server to a Flash memory file system, use the following commands in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | See the instructions in the section "Copy ing Images from Flash Memory to a Network Server." | Make a backup copy of the current software image or bootstrap image. |
Step 2 | copy tftp:[[[//location]/directory]/filename] flash-filesystem:[filename] | Copies a system image or a boot image to Flash memory. |
Step 3 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
Example: Copying from a TFTP Server to Flash Memory
In the following example, a file is copied from a TFTP server to slot1:
Router# copy tftp://theserver/tftpboot/kristen/ken/c7200-js-mz slot1: Destination filename [c7200-js-mz]? Accessing tftp://theserver/tftpboot/kristen/ken/c7200-js-mz...Translating "theserver"...domain server (192.168.2.132) [OK] Loading tftpboot/kristen/ken/c7200-js-mz from 192.168.2.132 (via Ethernet3/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 4823492/9646080 bytes] 4823492 bytes copied in 264.312 secs (18270 bytes/sec)
Router# copy tftp: flash: IP address or name of remote host [255.255.255.255]? dirt Translating "DIRT"...domain server (255.255.255.255) [OK] Name of file to copy? igs-p-l Copy igs-p-l from 172.16.13.111 into flash memory? [confirm] Flash is filled to capacity. Erasure is needed before flash may be written. Erase flash before writing? [confirm] Erasing flash EPROMs bank 0 Zeroing bank...zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Verify zeroed...vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Erasing bank...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Erasing flash EPROMs bank 1 Zeroing bank...zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Verify zeroed...vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Erasing bank...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Erasing flash EPROMs bank 2 Zeroing bank...zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Verify zeroed...vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Erasing bank...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Erasing flash EPROMs bank 3 Zeroing bank...zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Verify zeroed...vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Erasing bank...eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Loading from 172.16.1.111:!!!!... [OK - 1906676/4194240 bytes] Verifying via checksum... vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Flash verification successful. Length = 1906676, checksum = 0x12AD
Example: Copying from a TFTP Server to Flash Example When File by the Same Name Already Exists
Router# copy tftp://172.16.13.111/igs-p-l flash:igs-p-l File igs-p-l already exists; it will be invalidated! Copy igs-p-l from 172.16.13.111 into flash memory? [confirm] 2287500 bytes available for writing without erasure. Erase flash before writing? [confirm]n Loading from 172.16.1.111:!!!!... [OK - 1906676/2287500 bytes] Verifying via checksum... vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Flash verification successful. Length = 1902192, checksum = 0x12AD
Example: Copying from TFTP Server to Flash Example without Security Jumper Installed
Router# copy tftp: flash:
Flash: embedded flash security jumper(12V)
must be strapped to modify flash memory
Example:Copying from TFTP Server to Partitioned Flash
In the following example, the file c3600-i-mz on the TFTP server at 172.23.1.129 is copied to the first partition of internal Flash Memory.
Router# copy tftp://172.23.1.129/c3600-i-mz flash:1:c3600-i-mz/c3600-i-mz Accessing file 'c3600-i-mz' on 172.23.1.129... Loading c3600-i-mz from 172.23.1.129 (via Ethernet1/0): ! [OK] Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm] Copy 'c3600-i-mz' from server as 'c3600-i-mz' into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no] yes Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased Loading c3600-i-mz from 172.23.1.129 (via Ethernet1/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 1711088/4194304 bytes] Verifying checksum... OK (0xF89A) Flash device copy took 00:00:17 [hh:mm:ss]
You can copy a system image from an rcp network server to a Flash memory file system.
If you copy the configuration file to a personal computer used as a file server, the computer must support rsh.
The rcp protocol requires a client to send a remote username on each rcp request to a server. When you copy an image from the router to a server using rcp, the Cisco IOS software sends the first valid username in the following list:
1. The remote username specified in the copy command, if one if specified.
2. The username set by the ip rcmd remote-username command, if the command is configured.
3. The remote username associated with the current TTY (terminal) process. For example, if the user is connected to the router through Telnet and was authenticated through the username command, the router software sends the Telnet username as the remote username.
4. The router host name.
For the rcp copy request to execute successfully, an account must be defined on the network server for the remote username. If the server has a directory structure, the configuration file or image is written or copied relative to the directory associated with the remote username on the server. The path for all files and images to be copied begins at the remote user's home directory. For example, if the system image resides in the home directory of a user on the server, specify that user's name as the remote username.
To copy an image from an rcp server to Flash memory, use the following commands, beginning in privileged EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | See the instructions in the section "Copy ing Images from Flash Memory to a Network Server." | Make a backup copy of the current system or bootstrap software image. |
Step 2 | configure terminal | (Optional) Enters global configuration mode from the terminal. This step is required only if you override the default remote username (see Step 3). |
Step 3 | ip rcmd remote-username username | (Optional) Specifies the remote username. |
Step 4 | end | (Optional) Exits global configuration mode. This step is required only if you override the default remote username (see Step 3). |
Step 5 | copy rcp:[[[//[username@]location]/directory] | Copies the image from an rcp server to a Flash memory file system. |
Step 6 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
Router1# configure terminal Router1(config)# ip rcmd remote-username netadmin1 Router1(config)# end Router# copy rcp: flash: System flash directory: File name/status 1mysysim1[2076072 bytes used, 21080 bytes available] Address or name of remote host[UNKNOWN]? 172.16.101.101 Name of file to copy? mysysim1 Copy mysysim1 fromSERVER1.CISCO.COM?[confirm]
Checking for file `mysysim1' on SERVER1.CISCO.COM...[OK] Erase Flash device before writing?[confirm] Are you sure?[confirm] Erasing device...ezeeze...erased. Connected to172.16.101.101Loading 2076007 byte filemysysim1:!!!!... [OK] Verifying checksum... (0x87FD)...[OK]
In the following example, the file /tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz on the rcp server at 172.23.1.129 is copied to partition 3 in slot 0. Because no username is specified, the router uses the default rcp remote username.
Router# show slot0: partition 3 PCMCIA Slot0 flash directory, partition 3: File Length Name/status 1 426 running-config [492 bytes used, 4193812 available, 4194304 total] Router# copy rcp://172.23.1.129/tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz slot0:3:/tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz Accessing file '/tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz' on 172.23.1.129... Connected to 172.23.1.129 Loading 1711088 byte file c3600-i-mz: ! [OK] Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm] Copy '/tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz' from server as '/tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz' into Flash WITH erase? [yes/no] yes Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased Connected to 172.23.1.129 Loading 1711088 byte file c3600-i-mz: !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK] Verifying checksum... OK (0xF89A) Flash device copy took 00:00:16 [hh:mm:ss]
You can copy a system image from an FTP server to a Flash memory file system.
1. The username specified in the copy command, if a username is specified.
2. The username set by the ip ftp username command, if the command is configured.
3. Anonymous.
The router sends the first valid password in the following list:
1. The password specified in the copy command, if a password is specified.
2. The password set by the ip ftp password command, if the command is configured.
3. The router forms a password username@routername.domain. The variable username is the username associated with the current session, routername is the configured host name, and domain is the domain of the router.
The username and password must be associated with an account on the FTP server. If you are writing to the server, the FTP server must be properly configured to accept the FTP write request from the user on the router.
If the server has a directory structure, the configuration file or image is written to or copied from the directory associated with the username on the server. For example, if the system image resides in the home directory of a user on the server, specify that user's name as the remote username.
Refer to the documentation for your FTP server for more details.
Use the ip ftp username and ip ftp password commands to specify a username and password for all copies. Include the username in the copy command if you want to specify a username for that copy operation only.
To copy a system image from an FTP server to a Flash memory file system, use the following commands in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | See the instructions in the section "Copy ing Images from Flash Memory to a Network Server." | Make a backup copy of the current software image or bootstrap image. |
Step 2 | configure terminal | (Optional) Enters global configuration mode from the terminal. This step is required only if you wish to override the default remote username or password (see Steps 3 and 4). |
Step 3 | ip ftp username username | (Optional) Changes the default remote username. |
Step 4 | ip ftp password password | (Optional) Changes the default password. |
Step 5 | end | (Optional) Exits global configuration mode. This step is required only if you override the default remote username or password (see Steps 3 and 4). |
Step 6 | copy ftp:[[[//[username[:password]@]location] | Copies the configuration file from a network server to running memory or the startup configuration using rcp. |
Step 7 | Reply to any router prompts for additional information or confirmation. The prompting will depending on how much information you provide in the copy command and the current setting of the file prompt command. |
The following example copies a the file c7200-js-mz from the FTP server the server using a username of myuser and a password of mypass:
Router# copy ftp://myuser:mypass@theserver/tftpboot/ken/c7200-js-mz slot1:c7200-js-mz Accessing ftp://theserver/tftpboot/ken/c7200-js-mz...Translating "theserver"...domain server (192.168.2.132) [OK] Loading c7200-js-mz from 192.168.2.132 (via Ethernet3/0): !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 4823492/9646080 bytes] 4823492 bytes copied in 264.312 secs (18270 bytes/sec)
Before booting from Flash memory, verify that the checksum of the image in Flash memory matches the checksum listed in the README file that was distributed with the system software image by using the verify command. The checksum of the image in Flash memory is displayed at the bottom of the screen when you issue the copy command to copy an image. The README file was copied to the network server automatically when you installed the system software image on the server.
|
Caution If the checksum value does not match the value in the README file, do not reboot the router. Instead, issue the copy command and compare the checksums again. If the checksum is repeatedly wrong, copy the original system software image back into Flash memory before you reboot the router from Flash memory. If you have a corrupted image in Flash memory and try to boot from Flash, the router will start the system image contained in ROM (assuming that booting from a network server is not configured). If ROM does not contain a fully functional system image, the router will not function and must be reconfigured through a direct console port connection. |
The Flash memory content listing does not include the checksum of individual files. To recompute and verify the image checksum after an image is copied into Flash memory or a Flash memory device, use the following EXEC mode command:
| Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
verify flash-filesystem:[partition-number:][filename] | Recomputes and verifys the image checksum after the image is copied into Flash memory. |
If you do not provide the filename in the command, the router prompts you. By default, it prompts for the last (most recent) file in Flash. Press Return to recompute the default file checksum, or enter the filename of a different file at the prompt. Note that the checksum for microcode images is always 0x0000.
The following example verifies the image c7200-js-mz in slot0:
Router# verify slot0:c7200-js-mz Verified slot0:c7200-js-mz
On routers will multiple Flash memory file systems, you can copy images from one Flash memory file system, such as internal Flash memory or a Flash memory card in a PCMCIA slot, to another Flash memory file system, as shown in Figure 8. One reason to copy the image to a different flash device is to make a backup copy of it.
To copy an image between Flash memory file systems, use these commands in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | show flash-filesystem: | Displays the layout and contents of Flash memory. |
Step 2 | copy source-url destination-url | Copies an image between Flash memory devices. |
Step 3 | verify flash-filesystem:filename | Verifies the checksum of the image you copied. |
|
Note The source device and the destination device cannot be the same. For example, the command copy slot1: slot1: is invalid. |
Example: Copying a File Between Local Flash Memory Devices
The following example copies the file admin/images/new-ios from partition 1 of internal Flash memory to slot 0:
Router# show flash: partition 1 System flash directory, partition 1: File Length Name/status 1 3142748 admin/images/new-ios [3142812 bytes used, 1051492 available, 4194304 total] Router# show slot0: PCMCIA Slot0 flash directory File Length Name/status 1 1711088 /tftpboot/gate/c3600-i-mz [1711152 bytes used, 2483152 available, 4194304 total] Router# copy flash:1:admin/images/new-ios slot0:admin/images/new-ios Verifying checksum for 'admin/images/new-ios' (file # 1)... OK Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] Flash contains files. Are you sure you want to erase? [confirm] Copy 'admin/images/new-ios' from flash: device as 'admin/images/new-ios' into slot0: device WITH erase? [yes/no] yes Erasing device... eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ...erased !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! [OK - 3142748/4194304 bytes] Flash device copy took 00:00:50 [hh:mm:ss] Verifying checksum... OK (0xB732) Router# show slot0: PCMCIA Slot0 flash directory File Length Name/status 1 3142748 admin/images/new-ios [3142812 bytes used, 1051492 available, 4194304 total]
You can enter multiple boot commands in the startup configuration file or in the BOOT environment variable to provide backup methods for loading a system image onto the router. The following are three ways to load a system image:
|
Note Some platforms, such as the Cisco 7000 family, cannot boot from ROM. |
You can enter the different types of boot commands in any order in the startup configuration file or in the BOOT environment variable. If you enter multiple boot commands, the Cisco IOS software tries them in the order they are entered.
|
Note Booting from ROM is faster than booting from Flash memory. However, booting from Flash memory is faster and more reliable than booting from a network server. |
Use the following sections to configure your router to boot from Flash memory. Flash memory can reduce the effects of network failure by reducing dependency on files that can only be accessed over the network.
To configure the router to load a system image in Flash memory, perform the following steps:
| Task | |
|---|---|
Step 1 | (Optional) Copy a system image or boot image to Flash memory using TFTP, rcp, and FTP. See the "Copying Images from a Network Server to Flash Memory" section for more information on performing this step. |
Step 2 | Configure the system to automatically boot from the desired file and location in Flash memory or bootflash memory. See the "Configuring the Router to Automatically Boot from an Image in Flash Memory" section. |
Step 3 | (Optional) Depending on the current configuration register setting, you may need to change the configuration register value. See the "Configuring the Router to Automatically Boot from an Image in Flash Memory" section for more information on modifying the configuration register. |
Step 4 | (Optional) For some platforms, to change the location of the boot image, set the BOOTLDR environment variable. |
Step 5 | Save your configurations. |
Step 6 | Power-cycle and reboot your system to ensure that all is working as expected. |
To configure a router to automatically boot from an image in Flash memory, use the following commands beginning in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | Enters global configuration mode from the terminal. |
Step 2 | boot system flash [flash-filesystem:] [partition-number:] filename | Specifies the filname of an image stored in Flash memory which should be used for booting. |
Step 3 | config-register value | Sets the configuration register to enable loading of the system image specified in the configuration file. |
Step 4 | end | Exits global configuration mode. |
Step 5 | copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config | Saves the configuration file to your startup configuration. |
Step 6 | more nvram:startup-config | (Optional) Allows verification of the contents of the startup configuration. |
Step 7 | reload | Reboots the system. |
For routers which are partitioned, if you do not specify a partition, the router boots from the first partition. If you do not specify a filename, the router boots from the first valid image found in the partition.
If you enter more than one image filename, the router tries them in the order entered.
To remove a filename from the configuration file, enter the no boot system flash command and specify the file location.
|
Note The no boot system configuration command disables all boot system configuration commands regardless of argument. Specifying the flash keyword or the filename argument with the no boot system command disables only the commands specified by these arguments. |
The following example shows how to configure the router to automatically boot from an image in Flash memory:
Router# configure terminal
Router(config)# boot system flash gsnew-image
Router(config)# config-register 0x010F
Router(config)# end
Router# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config
[ok]
Router# reload
[confirm]
%SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested
System Bootstrap, Version 4.6(0.16), BETA SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by cisco Systems
RP1 processor with 16384 Kbytes of memory
F3: 1871404+45476+167028 at 0x1000
Booting gsnew-image from flash memory RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR
RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR [OK - 1916912/13767448 bytes]
F3: 1871404+45476+167028 at 0x1000
Restricted Rights Legend
Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the Commercial Computer Software - Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec. 52.227-19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer
Software clause at DFARS sec. 252.227-7013.
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, California 95134
GS Software (GS7), Version 10.2,
Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Thu 05-Nov-94 14:16 by mlw
You can configure the Cisco IOS software to load a system image file from a network server using FTP, TFTP, rcp, or MOP.
If you do not boot from a network server using MOP and you do not specify either FTP, TFTP, or rcp, by default the system image that you specify is booted from a network server via TFTP.
|
Note If you are using a Sun workstation as a network server and TFTP to transfer the file, set up the workstation to enable verification and generation of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) checksums. See the Sun documentation for details. |
For increased performance and reliability, use rcp to boot a system image from a network server. The rcp implementation uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which ensures reliable delivery of data.
You cannot explicitly specify a remote username when you issue the boot command. Instead, the host name of the router is used. If the remote server has a directory structure, as do UNIX systems, and you boot the router from a network server using rcp, the Cisco IOS software searches for the system image on the server relative to the directory of the remote username.
If there is not enough room in memory to boot a regular image from a network server, you can produce a compressed software image on any UNIX platform using the compress command. Refer to your UNIX platform's documentation for the exact usage of the compress command.
To specify the loading of a system image from a network server, use the following commands beginning in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | Enters global configuration mode. |
Step 2 | boot system [rcp | tftp] filename [ip-address] boot system mop filename [mac-address] [interface] | Specifies the system image file to be booted from a network server using rcp, TFTP, or MOP. |
Step 3 | config-register value | Sets the configuration register to enable loading of the image specified in the configuration file. |
Step 4 | end | Exits configuration mode. |
Step 5 | copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config | Saves the configuration file to your startup configuration. |
In the following example, a router uses rcp to boot from the testme5.tester system image file on a network server at IP address 172.16.0.1:
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# boot system rcp testme5.tester 172.16.0.1 Router(config)# config-register 0x010F Router(config)# end Router# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config
The following section describes how to optionally change request retry times and frequency if you have configured your system to boot using the boot system mop command.
If you configure your router to boot from a network server using MOP (using the boot system mop command above), the router will transmit a request for the configuration file to the MOP boot server during startup. By default, when the software transmits a request that requires a response from a MOP boot server and the server does not respond, the message will be retransmitted after 4 seconds. The message will be retransmitted a maximum of eight times. The MOP device code is set to the Cisco device code by default.
If the MOP boot server and router are separated by a slow serial link, it may take longer than 4 seconds for the router to receive a response to its message. Therefore, you might want to configure the software to wait longer than 4 seconds before retransmitting the message if you are using such a link. You may also want to change the maximum number of retires for the MOP request or the MOP device code.
To change the Cisco IOS software parameters for transmitting boot requests to a MOP server, use the following commands starting in privileged EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | Enters configuration mode from the terminal. |
Step 2 | mop device-code {cisco | ds200} mop retransmit-timer seconds mop retries count | Changes MOP server parameters. |
Step 3 | end | Exits configuration mode. |
Step 4 | copy running-config startup-config | Saves the configuration file to your startup configuration. |
Router# configure terminal Router (config)# mop retransmit-timer 10 Router (config)# end Router# copy running-config startup-config
To specify the use of the ROM system image as a backup to other boot instructions in the configuration file, use the following commands beginning in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | Enters global configuration mode. |
Step 2 | boot system rom | Specifies use of the ROM system image as a backup image. |
Step 3 | config-register value | Sets the configuration register to enable loading of the system image specified in the configuration file. |
Step 4 | end | Exits global configuration mode. |
Step 5 | copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config | Saves the configuration file to your startup configuration. |
In the following example, a router is configured to boot from ROM:
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# boot system rom Router(config)# config-register 0x010F Router(config)# end Router# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config
|
Note The Cisco 7000 family products cannot load from ROM. |
Occasionally network failures make booting from a network server impossible. To lessen the effects of network failure, consider the following booting strategy. After Flash is installed and configured, you might want to configure the router to boot in the following order:
1. Boot an image from Flash.
2. Boot an image from a network server.
3. Boot from ROM image.
This boot order provides the most fault-tolerant booting strategy. Use the following commands beginning in EXEC mode to allow the router to boot first from Flash, then from a system file from a network server, and finally from ROM:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | configure terminal | Enters global configuration mode. |
Step 2 | boot system flash [flash-filesystem:][partition-number:] filename | Configures the router to boot from Flash memory. |
Step 3 | boot system [rcp | tftp] filename [ip-address] | Configures the router to boot from a network server. |
Step 4 | boot system rom | Configures the router to boot from ROM. |
Step 5 | config-register value | Sets the configuration register to enable loading of the system image specified in the configuration file. |
Step 6 | end | Exits global configuration mode. |
Step 7 | copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config | Saves the configuration file to your startup configuration. |
In the following example, a router is configured to first boot an internal Flash image called gsxx. Should that image fail, the router will boot the configuration file gsxx from a network server. If that method should fail, then the system will boot from ROM.
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# boot system flash gsxx Router(config)# boot system gsxx 172.16.101.101 Router(config)# boot system rom Router(config)# config-register 0x010F Router(config)# end Router# copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config [ok]
Using this strategy, a router has three alternative sources from which to boot. These alternative sources help lessen the negative effects of a failure on network or file server.
If you do not have access to a network server and need to download a system image (to update it, or if all the system images in Flash memory somehow are damaged or erased), you can copy an image from a local or remote computer (such as a PC, UNIX workstation, or Macintosh) using the Xmodem or Ymodem protocols. This functionality primarily serves as a disaster recovery technique and is illustrated in Figure 9.
|
Note Recovering system images using Xmodem or Ymodem is performed on the Cisco 1600 series and Cisco 3600 series routers only. |
Xmodem and Ymodem are common protocols used for transferring files and are included in applications such as Windows 3.1 (TERMINAL.EXE), Windows 95 (HyperTerminal), Windows NT 3.5x (TERMINAL.EXE), Windows NT 4.0 (HyperTerminal), and Linux UNIX freeware (minicom).
Cisco 3600 series routers do not support XBOOT functionality, a disaster recovery technique for Cisco IOS software, and do not have a separate boot helper (rxboot) image.
Xmodem and Ymodem downloads are slow, so you should use them only when you do not have access to a network server. You can speed up the transfer by setting the transfer port speed to 115200 bps.
On the Cisco 3600 series, you can perform the file transfer using Cisco IOS software or, if all local system images are damaged or erased, the ROM monitor. When you use Cisco IOS software for an Xmodem or Ymodem file transfer, the transfer can occur on either the AUX port or the console port. The AUX port, which supports hardware flow control, is recommended. File transfers from the ROM monitor must use the console port.
On the Cisco 1600 series, you can only perform the file transfer from the ROM monitor over the console port.
To copy a Cisco IOS image from a computer or workstation to a router using the Xmodem or Ymodem protocol, use one of the following commands:
Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
copy xmodem: flash-filesystem:[partition:][filename] |
|
xmodem [-c] [-y] [-e] [-f] [-r] [-x] [-s data-rate] [filename] (Cisco1600 series only) xmodem [-c | -y | -r | -x] [filename] (Cisco3600 series only) The -c option provides CRC-16 checksumming; -y uses the Ymodem protocol; -e erases the first partition in Flash memory; -f erases all of Flash memory; -r downloads the image to DRAM (the default is Flash memory); -x prevents the image from executing after download; and -s sets the console port data rate. |
|
The computer from which you transfer the Cisco IOS image must be running terminal emulation software and the Xmodem or Ymodem protocol.
For the Cisco 1600 series, if you include the -r option (download to DRAM), your router must have enough DRAM to hold the file being transferred. To run from Flash memory, an image must be positioned as the first file in Flash memory. If you are copying a new image to boot from Flash memory, erase all existing files first.
This example shows a file transfer using Cisco IOS software and the Xmodem protocol. The Ymodem protocol follows a similar procedure, using the copy ymodem: command.
|
Note This functionality is enabled on Cisco 3600 series routers only. |
To transfer a Cisco IOS image from a computer running terminal emulation software and the Xmodem protocol, follow these steps:
Step 2 To transfer from a remote computer, connect a modem to the AUX port of your Cisco 3600 series router and to the standard telephone network. The AUX port is set by default to a speed of 9600 bps, 2 stop bits, and no parity. The maximum speed is 115200 bps. Configure the router for both incoming and outgoing calls by entering the modem inout command.
Connect a modem to the remote computer and to the telephone network. The remote computer dials through the telephone network and connects to the router.
To transfer from a local computer, connect the router's AUX port to a serial port on the computer, using a null-modem cable. The AUX speed configured on the router must match the transfer speed configured on the local computer.
Step 3 At the EXEC prompt in the terminal emulator window of the computer, enter the copy xmodem: flash: command:
Router# copy xmodem: flash:
**** WARNING ****
x/ymodem is a slow transfer protocol limited to the current speed
settings of the auxiliary/console ports. The use of the auxiliary
port for this download is strongly recommended.
During the course of the download no exec input/output will be
available.
---- ******* ----
Press Enter to continue.
Step 4 Specify whether to use cyclic redundancy check (CRC) block checksumming, which verifies that your data has been correctly transferred from the computer to the router. If your computer does not support CRC block checksumming, answer no at the prompt:
Proceed? [confirm] Use crc block checksumming? [confirm] no
Step 5 Determine how many times the software should try to receive a bad block of data before it declares the copy operation a failure. The default is 10 retries. A higher number may be needed for noisy telephone lines. You can configure an unlimited number of retries.
Max Retry Count [10]: 7
Step 6 Decide whether you want to check that the file is a valid Cisco 3600 series image:
Perform image validation checks? [confirm] Xmodem download using simple checksumming with image validation Continue? [confirm]
After the transfer has begun, and if the image is valid, the software checks to see whether enough Flash memory space exists on the router to accommodate the transfer:
System flash directory: File Length Name/status 1 1738244 images/c3600-i-mz [1738308 bytes used, 2455996 available, 4194304 total]
Step 7 Enter the destination filename:
Destination file name ? new-ios-image
Step 8 If you do not want the contents of internal Flash memory erased before the file transfer, enter no:
Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] no Copy '' from server as 'new-ios-image' into Flash WITHOUT erase? [yes/no] yes Ready to receive file...........
Step 9 Start an Xmodem or Ymodem send operation with the terminal emulation software on the computer that is sending the system image to the router. See your emulation software application's manual for instructions on how to execute a file transfer. Depending on the application you use, the emulation software may display the progress of the file transfer.
This example shows a file transfer using the ROM monitor and the Xmodem protocol. To transmit with the Ymodem protocol, use the xmodem -y command.
For the Cisco 3600, the router must have enough DRAM to hold the file being transferred, even if you are copying to Flash memory. The image is copied to the first file in internal Flash memory. Any existing files in Flash memory are erased. Copying files to Flash partitions or to the second-file position is not supported.
|
Caution A modem connection from the telephone network to your console port introduces security issues that you should consider before enabling the connection. For example, remote users can dial into your modem and access the router's configuration settings. |
Step 2 To transfer from a remote computer, connect a modem to the console port of your router and to the standard telephone network. The modem and console port must communicate at the same speed, which can be from 9600 to 115200 bps (Cisco 3600 series) or from 1200 to 115200 bps (Cisco 1600 series), depending on the speed supported by your modem. Use the confreg ROM monitor command to configure the console port transmission speed for the router. For the Cisco 1600 series, you can also set the transmission speed with the -s option.
Connect a modem to the remote computer and to the telephone network. The remote computer dials through the telephone network and connects to the router.
To transfer from a local computer, connect the router's console port to a serial port on the computer, using a null-modem cable. The console port speed configured on the router must match the transfer speed configured on the local computer.
|
Note If you are transferring from a local computer, you may need to configure the terminal emulation program to ignore RTS/DTR signals. |
Step 3 You should see a ROM monitor prompt in the terminal emulation window:
rommon >
Enter the xmodem ROM monitor command, along with any desired copy options and, optionally, the filename of the Cisco IOS image. The image loads into Flash memory by default; to download to DRAM instead, use the -r option. The image is normally executed on completion of the file transfer; to prevent execution, use the -x option. The -c option specifies CRC-16 checksumming, which is more sophisticated and thorough than standard checksumming, if it is supported by the computer:
rommon > xmodem -c new-ios-image
Do not start the sending program yet...
File size Checksum File name
1738244 bytes (0x1a8604) 0xdd25 george-admin/c3600-i-mz
WARNING: All existing data in flash will be lost! Invoke this application only for disaster recovery. Do you wish to continue? y/n [n]: yes Ready to receive file new-ios-image ...
Step 4 Start an Xmodem send operation, which is initiated from the terminal emulation software on the remote computer that is sending the system image to the router. See your emulation software application's manual for instructions on how to execute a Xmodem file transfer.
Step 5 The Cisco IOS image is transferred and executed. If you are transferring from a remote computer, the computer maintains control of your console port even after the new Cisco IOS image is running. To release control to a local terminal, reconfigure the speed of the router's console port to match the speed of the local terminal by entering the speed bps configuration command from the remote computer at the router prompt:
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# line 0 Router(config-line)# speed 9600
The remote connection is broken, and you can disconnect the modem from the console port and reconnect the terminal line.
On some Cisco routers, including Cisco 7200, 7500, and 12000 series GSRs, you can update microcode by loading it into peripheral components. This section provides information on loading, upgrading and verifying microcode images, as described in the following subsections:
Microcode is stored on ROM and allows the addition of new machine instructions without requiring that they be designed into electronic circuits when new instructions are needed. Microcode images contain microcode software which runs on various hardware devices. For example, microcode can be updated in Channel Interface Processors (CIP) on 7500 routers, or in Channel Port Adapters (CPA) on Cisco 7200 routers.
By default, the system loads the microcode bundled with the Cisco IOS system software image. This microcode is referred to as the default microcode image. However, you can configure the router to use microcode stored in Flash.
Cisco 7000 series routers with a RSP7000 and Cisco 7500 series routers each have a writable control store (WCS) which stores microcode. You can load updated microcode onto the WCS from bootflash or from a Flash memory card inserted in one of the PCMCIA slots of the RSP card.
You can update microcode without having physical access to the router by using the copy command to copy microcode to a Flash file system.
To specify the location where the microcode should be loaded from, configure the router using the following commands, beginning in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | copy tftp: flash: or copy tftp: file-id | (Optional) Copies microcode files into Flash. Perform this step only if you wish to load the microcode from Flash. See the section "Copying Images from a Network Server to Flash Memory" for more information about how to copy images to Flash memory. |
Step 2 | configure terminal | Enters global configuration mode. |
Step 3 | microcode interface [flash-filesystem:filename [slot] | system [slot]] | Configures the router to load microcode on a target interface from the specified memory location. |
Step 4 | end | Exits global configuration mode. |
Step 5 | copy system:running-config nvram:startup-config | Saves the new configuration information. |
If an error occurs when you are attempting to download microcode, the system loads the default system microcode image.
|
Note Microcode images cannot be compressed. |
The configuration commands specifying the microcode to load are implemented following one of three events:
After you have entered a microcode configuration command and one of these events has taken place, all cards are reset, loaded with microcode from the appropriate sources, tested, and enabled for operation.
To signal to the system that all microcode configuration commands have been entered and the processor cards should be reloaded, use the following global configuration mode command:
| Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
microcode reload | Reloads the microcode from the source specified in the configuration on to all interface/processor cards. |
Immediately after you enter the microcode reload command and press Return, the system reloads all microcode. Global configuration mode remains enabled. After the reload is complete, enter the exit command to return to the EXEC prompt.
If Flash memory is busy because a card is being removed or inserted, or a microcode reload command is executed while Flash is locked, the files will not be available and the onboard ROM microcode will be loaded. Issue another microcode reload command when Flash memory is available, and the proper microcode will be loaded. The show flash command will show if another user or process has locked Flash memory.
|
Note The microcode reload command should not be used while Flash is in use. For example, do not use this command when a copy {ftp: | rcp: | tftp:} flash-filesystem or show flash-filesystem: command is active. |
The microcode reload command is automatically added to your running configuration when you issue a microcode command that changes the system's default behavior of loading all processors from ROM.
In the following example, all controllers are reset, the specified microcode is loaded, and the CxBus complex is reinitialized according to the microcode configuration commands that have been written to memory:
Router# configure terminal Router(config)# microcode reload Router(config)# end
To display microcode information, use the following command in EXEC mode:
| Command | Purpose |
|---|---|
show microcode | Displays microcode information. |
The commands for manipulating microcode vary by platform. This section refers you to specialized configuration information found in other Cisco IOS documents.
For information on downloading microcode (Modem Firmware and Portware) into modems on Cisco access servers (like the Cisco AS5800) using SPE, see the document entitled Cisco IOS 12.1 Dial Services Configuration Guide: Terminal Services.
For specific information on loading CIP and CPA microcode into adapters on Cisco 7000, 7200, and 7500 routers, see the "Configuring Cisco Mainframe Channel Connection Adapters" chapter in the Cisco IOS Bridging and IBM Networking Configuration Guide.
In addition to the Cisco IOS image that resides on the GRP, each line card on the Cisco 12000 series has a Cisco IOS image. When the router is reloaded, the specified Cisco IOS image is loaded onto the GRP, and that image is automatically downloaded to all the line cards.
Normally, you want the same Cisco IOS image on the GRP and all line cards. However, if you want to upgrade a line card with a new version of microcode for testing or to fix a defect, you might need to load a microcode system image that is different from the one on the line card. Additionally, you might need to load a new image on the line card to work around a problem that is affecting only one of the line cards.
| Command | Purpose | |
|---|---|---|
Step 1 | microcode {oc12-atm | oc12-pos | oc3-pos-4} flash file_id slot-number | Specify the type of line card, location of the microcode image, and the slot of the line card to download the image. If the slot number is omitted, the microcode image is downloaded to all line cards. |
Step 2 | microcode reload slot-number | Reload the microcode on the specified line card. |
Step 3 | exit | Exit configuration mode. |
Step 4 | execute-on slot slot-number show version or attach slot-number show version exit | Connect to the line card and verify that the new CiscoIOS image is on the line card by checking the version number in the display output. |
For further configuration information for Cisco 12000 series GS Routers, see the Cisco IOS 11.2 GS Release documentation, and platform specific documentation, available on CCO at http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/core/.
Posted: Wed Aug 16 20:14:31 PDT 2000
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