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Product Numbers: SA-Encrypt and SA-Encrypt(=)
This configuration note describes the installation and configuration of the data encryption service adapters (ESAs), which are referred to throughout this publication collectively as ESA (Product Numbers SA-Encrypt and SA-Encrypt=). The specific Catalyst VIP2 model required by the ESA is the Catalyst VIP2-40. The CSA is used in the Catalyst VIP2-40 module which is attached to the Route Switch Module (RSM) and used in the Catalyst 5000 series switches. The CSA can also be used in the following:
Use this configuration note with the Route Switch Module Catalyst VIP2-15 and VIP2-40 Installation and Configuration Note (Document Number 78-4780-01), which shipped with your Catalyst VIP2-15 and Catalyst VIP2-40.
 | Caution To ensure compliance with U.S. export laws and regulations for 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES), and to prevent future problems, see the "Compliance with U.S. Export Laws and Regulations Regarding Encryption" section on page 6. |
This configuration note includes the following sections:
Network data encryption and router authentication can safeguard network data that travels from one Cisco router to another, across unsecured networks. Safeguarding network data has become increasingly important to many organizations as they extend or replace private networks with public, unprotected networks. For example, many organizations are using the Internet as a economical way to replace leased-line services.
Data that traverses unsecured network lines is open to many types of attack. Data can be read, altered, or forged by anybody who has access to the route that your data takes. For example, a protocol analyzer can read packets and gain classified information. Or, a hostile party can tamper with packets and cause damage by hindering, reducing, or preventing effective communications within your organization. You can minimize the vulnerability of your network data by configuring your router for network data encryption with router authentication.
Data encryption can transform intelligible information, called clear text, into an unintelligible form, called cipher text, to provide secure data and information exchanges. Data encryption is the best available data-security technique. Encryption converts data into meaningless data, converted in a manner that allows it to be reconverted into meaningful data. Data encryption assures that data sent over unsecure networks cannot be interrupted or intercepted in a readable form.
Encryption involves the use of an algorithm plus an encryption key. Different algorithms exist, each with its strengths and weaknesses, and each imposes restrictions on the minimum and maximum size of the encryption key. Encryption keys are simply large numbers used to convert the clear text into cipher text. The larger the encryption key, the more secure the data. Encryption can be applied at different levels of the protocol stack to protect against different forms of attack (for example, data protection or traffic analysis) and to allow passage through different types of networking equipment.
Encryption converts data so that recognizable patterns are removed. For example, in a simple electronic (e-mail) message, at least 70 percent of the message consists of white space. The encryption mechanism chosen must guarantee that all of the message is converted so that patterns of data cannot be interpreted. Successive white-space must be converted into different data. There can be no distinction between words or phrases that would give an attacker a clue as to the type of traffic being transmitted. Any hint of a pattern would greatly diminish the security of the data.
The secure network must allow for signatures that positively identify the parties involved. This signature must be irrevocable. No part should be able to emulate another and no party should be able to deny sending a message after the fact. No network is 100-percent secure. The encryption mechanism simply raises the cost of decrypting and acquiring the data.
Following are some of the methods of attack:
In general, true data security should provide the following:
Following are descriptions of the levels of data encryption:
Public-Key (PK) technology operates on a pair of keys. One key is used for encryption and the other for decryption. Whichever key is used for encryption, only the other key can be used to decrypt the data. This is an asymmetric mechanism. Each key in the pair is a one-way encryption mechanism. The same key cannot be used to decrypt the message. Signing a document is fundamental to PK technology.
A signature must have the following properties:
This signature verification mechanism is used to establish a secure connection with a remote host for the purpose of sending encrypted traffic using a more efficient encryption mechanism.
DES is an efficient mechanism for passing long strings of encrypted data. Unfortunately, you cannot use DES to authenticate the participating stations. The two mechanisms (PK and DES) are combined to create an encrypted and authenticated session between two hosts.
DES is a symmetric encryption mechanism. A single encryption key (called a session key) is used to both encrypt and decrypt the data. This key must be generated by the participating routers, without sending any meaningful data to each other, which might lead a third party (an intruder) into generating the same key value.
Following are the parts essential to network security:
This product performs encryption and is regulated for export by the U.S. Government. Specific information follows regarding compliance with U.S. export laws and regulations for encryption products:
The ESA (see Figure 1) provides the hardware-based encryption mechanisms required to perform data encryption in Cisco 7000 family routers and the RSM/VIP2 in which ESA is installed. The product number is SA-Encrypt(=), and the ESA uses a 40-bit or 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES), which is configurable via the Cisco IOS crypto engine (also called the software [SW] crypto engine).
The ESA provides data encryption mechanisms using PK technology based on the concept of the Protected Entity (PE), and employing the Data Encryption Standard (DES) and the Digital Signature Standard (DSS), to ensure secure data and information can be transferred between similarly equipped hosts on your network.
The ESA can be installed in port adapter slot 0 or slot 1 on the Catalyst VIP2-40; Figure 2 shows a Catalyst VIP2 with a port adapter in slot 0 and a service adapter in slot 1.
You must install a specific type of port adapter in the Catalyst VIP2-40 port adapter slot adjacent to the ESA. For specific information about the port adapters that can be used on the Catalyst VIP2-40 with an ESA, see the "Hardware, Software, and Compliance Prerequisites" section on page 9.
The ESA contains the ENABLED LED, standard on all service adapters, and four status LEDs. After system initialization, the ENABLED LED goes on to indicate that the host is enabled for operation. (The LEDs are shown in Figure 3.)
The following conditions must be met before the ENABLED LED goes on:
If any of these conditions is not met, or if the router initialization fails for other reasons, the ENABLED LED does not go on.
In addition to the ENABLED LED, the ESA has the following four LED indications:
To determine the chassis slot in which you install an ESA, use the show crypto card command, as follows:
Router# show crypto card Crypto card in slot: 2 Tampered: No Xtracted: Yes Password set: Yes DSS Key set: No FW version 0x5049702
 | Warning There is the danger of explosion if the battery is replaced incorrectly. Replace the battery only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer. Dispose of used batteries according to the manufacturer's instructions. |
This section lists hardware, software, and compliance prerequisites.
Follow the safety guidelines in this section when working with any equipment that connects to electrical power or telephone wiring.
Safety warnings appear throughout this publication in procedures that, if performed incorrectly, might harm you. A warning symbol precedes each warning statement.
Warning
This warning symbol means danger. You are in a situation that could cause bodily injury. Before you work on any equipment, be aware of the hazards involved with electrical circuitry and be familiar with standard practices for preventing accidents. To see translations of the warnings that appear in this publication, refer to the appendix "Translated Safety Warnings" in the Catalyst 5000 Series Installation Guide.
Follow these basic guidelines when working with any electrical equipment:
| Warning There is the danger of explosion if the battery is replaced incorrectly. Replace the battery only with the same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacturer. Dispose of used batteries according to the manufacturer's instructions. |
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage, which can occur when electronic cards or components are improperly handled, results in complete or intermittent failures. A processor module comprises a printed circuit board that is fixed in a metal carrier. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, connectors, and a handle are integral components of the carrier. Although the metal carrier helps to protect the board from ESD, use a preventive antistatic strap whenever handling a processor module.
Following are guidelines for preventing ESD damage:
| Caution For safety, periodically check the resistance value of the antistatic strap. The measurement should be between 1 and 10 megohms. |
This section describes how to install a service adapter.
The steps required to install or replace a service adapter or port adapter on a Catalyst VIP2 are the same. Therefore, the term adapter in this section applies to service adapters as well as port adapters, unless noted otherwise.
Each adapter circuit board mounts to a metal carrier and is sensitive to ESD damage. We strongly recommend that the following procedures be performed by a Cisco-certified service provider; however, this is not a requirement. If a blank adapter is installed on the Catalyst VIP2 in which you want to install a new adapter, you must first remove the RSM/VIP2 from the chassis, and then remove the blank adapter.
| Caution To prevent system problems, do not remove adapters from the Catalyst VIP2, or attempt to install other adapters on the Catalyst VIP2 while the system operates. To install or replace adapters, first remove the RSM/VIP2 from the switch. |
When only one adapter is installed on a Catalyst VIP2, a blank adapter must fill the empty slot to allow the Catalyst VIP2 and RSM chassis to conform to EMI emissions requirements, and to allow proper airflow through the chassis.
Use this procedure for removing and replacing any type of adapter on the Catalyst VIP2:
Step 1 Attach an ESD-preventive wrist strap between you and an unfinished chassis surface or to the ESD connector on the switch.
Step 2 For a new adapter installation or an adapter replacement, we recommend that you disconnect any interface cables from the front of the adapter.
Step 3 To remove the RSM/VIP2 from the chassis, follow the steps in the "RSM and Catalyst VIP2 Installation" section in the Route Switch Module Catalyst VIP2-15 and VIP2-40 Installation and Configuration Note (Document Number 78-4780-01), which shipped with your Catalyst VIP2.
Step 4 Place the removed RSM/VIP2 on an antistatic mat.
Step 5 Locate the screw at the rear of the adapter (or blank adapter) to be replaced. (See Figure 4.) This screw secures the adapter (or blank adapter) to its slot.
Step 6 Remove the screw that secures the adapter (or blank adapter).
Step 7 With the screw removed, grasp the handle on the front of the adapter (or blank adapter) and carefully pull it out of its slot, away from the edge connector at the rear of the slot. (See Figure 5.)
Step 8 If you removed a adapter, place it in an antistatic container for safe storage or shipment back to the factory. If you removed a blank adapter, no special handling is required; however, store the blank adapter for potential future use.
Step 9 Remove the new adapter from its antistatic container and position it at the opening of the slot so that the leading edges of the carrier are between upper and lower slot edges. (See Figure 5.)
| Caution To prevent jamming the carrier between the upper and lower edges of the adapter slot, and to ensure that the edge connector at the rear of the adapter seats in the connector at the rear of the adapter slot, make certain that the leading edges of the carrier are between the upper and lower slot edges, as shown in Figure 5. |
Step 10 Carefully slide the new adapter into the adapter slot until the connector at the rear of the adapter seats in the connector at the rear of the adapter slot.
Step 11 Install the screw in the rear of the adapter slot. (See Figure 4 for its location.) Do not overtighten this screw.
Step 12 To replace the RSM/VIP2 combination in the chassis, follow the steps in the "RSM and Catalyst VIP2 Installation" section in the Route Switch Module Catalyst VIP2-15 and VIP2-40 Installation and Configuration Note (Document Number 78-4780-01), which shipped with your Catalyst VIP2.
Step 13 Reconnect the interface cables to the port adapter ports.
This completes the procedure for installing a new port adapter or replacing a port adapter in a Catalyst VIP2-40.
The remainder of this configuration note describes how to configure your RSM/VIP2 for network data encryption with router authentication, and includes the following sections:
For a complete description of the commands mentioned in this configuration note, refer to the "Network Data Encryption and Router Authentication Commands" section in the Security Command Reference publication.
To safeguard your network data, Cisco provides network data encryption and router authentication services. Network data encryption is provided at the IP packet level. IP packet encryption prevents eavesdroppers from reading the data that is being transmitted. When IP packet encryption is used, IP packets can be seen during transmission, but the IP packet contents (payload) cannot be read. Specifically, the IP header and upper-layer protocol (TCP or UDP) headers are not encrypted, but all payload data within the TCP or UDP packet is encrypted and therefore not readable during transmission.
The actual encryption and decryption of IP packets occurs only at routers that you configure for network data encryption with router authentication. Such routers are considered to be peer encrypting routers (or simply peer routers). Intermediate hops do not participate in encryption/decryption.
Typically, when an IP packet is initially generated at a host, it is unencrypted (referred to as clear text). This occurs on a secured (internal) portion of your network. Then when the transmitted IP packet passes through an encrypting router, the router determines if the packet should be encrypted. If the packet is encrypted, the encrypted packet will travel through the unsecured network portion (usually an external network such as the Internet) until it reaches the remote peer encrypting router. At this point, the encrypted IP packet is decrypted, and forwarded to the destination host as clear text.
Router authentication enables peer encrypting routers to positively identify the source of incoming encrypted data. This means that attackers cannot forge transmitted data or tamper with transmitted data without detection. Router authentication occurs between peer routers each time a new encrypted session is established.
An encrypted session is established each time an encrypting router receives an IP packet that should be encrypted (unless an encrypted session is already occurring at that time).
To provide IP packet encryption with router authentication, Cisco implements the following standards: Digital Signature Standard (DSS), the Diffie-Hellman (DH) public key algorithm, and Data Encryption Standard (DES). DSS is used in router authentication. The DH algorithm and DES are used to initiate and conduct encrypted communication sessions between participating routers.
The following sections provide an overview of Cisco's data encryption and router authentication.
Before encrypted communication or router authentication can occur between peer routers, DSS keys (public and private) must be generated. Also, the DSS public keys must be shared and verified (see Figure 7).
This process occurs only once, and the DSS keys are used each time an encrypted session occurs after that. The DSS keys are used at the beginning of encrypted sessions to authenticate the peer encrypting router (the source of encrypted data). Each peer router must generate and store two unique DSS keys: a DSS public key and a DSS private key. DSS public and private keys are stored in a private portion of the router's NVRAM, which cannot be viewed with commands such as show configuration, show running-config, or write terminal. DSS keys are stored in the tamper-resistant memory of the ESA.
The DSS private key is not shared with any other device. However, the router's DSS public key is distributed to all other peer routers. After public keys are sent to peer routers, the routers' administrators must verbally verify to each other the public key's source router (sometimes called voice authentication).
When a Cisco router wants to send encrypted data to a peer router, it must first establish an encrypted session. (See Figure 8.)
To establish the session, the two peer routers exchange connection messages. These messages have two purposes. The first purpose is to authenticate each router to the other. This is accomplished by attaching signatures to the connection messages. A signature is a character string created by each router using its DSS private key and verified by the other router using the corresponding DSS public key. A signature is always unique to the sending router and cannot be forged by any other device. When a signature is verified, the sending router is authenticated.
The second purpose of the connection messages is to generate a temporary DES key (session key), which will be used to encrypt data during this encrypted session. To generate the DES key, DH numbers must be exchanged in the connection messages. Then, the DH numbers are used to compute a common DES session key shared by both routers.
When both routers are authenticated and the session key (DES key) has been generated, data can be encrypted and transmitted. A DES encryption algorithm is used with the DES key to encrypt and decrypt IP packets during the encrypted session. (See Figure 9.)
An encrypted communication session terminates when the session times out. When the session terminates, both the DH numbers and the DES key are discarded. When you require another encrypted session, new DH numbers and DES keys are generated.
You should understand the issues explained in this section before attempting to configure your system for network data encryption with router authentication.
Note these issues:
Take care in choosing a network topology between peer encrypting routers. Particularly, you should set up the network so that a stream of IP packets must use exactly one pair of encrypting routers at a time. Do not nest levels of encrypting routers. (That is, do not put encrypting routers in between two peer encrypting routers.)
Frequent route changes between pairs of peer encrypting routers, including for purposes of load balancing, will cause excessive numbers of connections to be set up and very few data packets to be delivered. Note that load balancing can still be used, but only if done transparently to the encrypting peer routers. That is, peer routers should not participate in the load balancing; only devices between the peer routers should provide load balancing. A common network topology used for encryption is a hub-and-spoke arrangement between an enterprise router and branch routers. Also, Internet firewall routers are often designated as endpoint peer routers.
A software-controlled crypto engine resides in your router's encryption-capable Cisco IOS software (called a crypto image) and provides encryption/authentication services for all router ports that you specify during configuration. (The Cisco IOS crypto engine governs encryption/authentication for all router ports.)
All Cisco routers have only one Cisco IOS crypto engine that governs all ports, except for Cisco 7000 series routers, Cisco 7500 series routers, and the RSM/VIP2 which can have more than one crypto engine when a VIP2-40 or ESA-equipped VIP2-40 is installed. For these routers, the Cisco IOS crypto engine resides in the Route Switch Processor (RSP) and any second-generation Versatile Interface Processors (VIP2-40s) that are installed.
Use the show version command to verify that you have a Cisco IOS crypto image loaded, as shown for a Cisco 7200 series router, Cisco 7500 series router, and the RSM:
Router# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software --> IOS (tm) 7200 Software (C7200-IS56-M), Released Version 11.2(7a)P [biff 1145] Copyright (c) 1986-1997 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 19-Feb-97 10:17 by biff Router# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software --> IOS (tm) RSP Software (RSP-ISV56-M), Released Version 11.2(14)P [biff 722] Copyright (c) 1986-1997 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Wed 19-Feb-97 16:47 by biff Router# show version Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C5RSM Software (C5RSM-JSV-M), Version 11.2(14)P Copyright (c) 1986-1997 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Tue 24-Jun-97 17:09 by shj
Cisco 7500 series routers and Cisco 7000 series routers, with the RSP7000 installed, support the VIP2-40. The VIP2-40 has its own Cisco IOS crypto engine (if a Cisco IOS crypto image is running), which governs the ports on the port adapter that is installed adjacent to the ESA on the VIP2-40.
If you have a VIP2-40 installed in your router, the VIP2 crypto engine will govern the adjacent port adapter's ports, and the Cisco IOS crypto engine on the RSP will govern all remaining router ports. If there is no VIP2-40, the Cisco IOS crypto engine on the RSP will govern all router ports.
If there is an ESA installed on a VIP2-40, the crypto engine will be a hardware (HW) crypto engine, and the encryption/decryption functions will be executed by the ESA. In this case, the show process command will reveal three processes related to the crypto engine.
An example of the show process command follows:
Router# show process CPU utilization for five seconds: 0%/0%; one minute: 0%; five minutes: 0% PID QTy PC Runtime (ms) Invoked uSecs Stacks TTY Process (additional displayed text omitted from this example) 21 Hwe 604E8C0C 0 1 0 5608/6000 0 Crypto HW Proc 22 Mwe 604BDD20 0 12168 011596/12000 0 Crypto SM 23 Hwe 607C3A38 0 1 0 5628/6000 0 Encrypt Proc (additional displayed text omitted from this example) Router#
If no ESA and VIP2-40 is installed, the crypto engine will be the Cisco IOS crypto engine, and the encryption/decryption functions will be executed by the RSP and the Cisco IOS crypto image. The show process command will show only two processes related to the Cisco IOS crypto engine.
An example of the show process command follows:
Router# show process CPU utilization for five seconds: 0%/0%; one minute: 0%; five minutes: 0% PID QTy PC Runtime (ms) Invoked uSecs Stacks TTY Process (additional displayed text omitted from this example) 21 Hwe 604E8C0C 0 1 0 5608/6000 0 Crypto HW Proc 22 Mwe 604BDD20 0 12168 011596/12000 0 Crypto SM
If you have a Cisco 7000 series or Cisco 7500 series router with an ESA, your router will have an additional crypto engine associated with the ESA, called the hardware (HW) crypto engine.
If you have a Cisco 7200 series router, your router will have either the Cisco IOS crypto engine or the HW crypto engine associated with the ESA.
In the Cisco 7000 and Cisco 7500 series routers, the ESA and a compatible port adapter are attached to a VIP2-40, and the ESA's HW crypto engine provides encryption/authentication services only for ports on the adjoining VIP2-40 port adapter. Most of the currently available port adapters, which are compatible with the VIP2-40, can be installed on a VIP2-40 or in a Cisco 7200 series router with an ESA. (For specific, additional port adapter limitations for VIP2-40 and the Cisco 7200 series, see the "Hardware, Software, and Compliance Prerequisites" section on page 9.)
The Cisco IOS crypto engine will provide encryption/authentication for all remaining ports of your router. The ESA's HW crypto engine can govern the adjoining VIP2-40 port adapter's ports, and the Cisco IOS crypto engine governs all remaining ports in the router. This is also true if distributed switching is not enabled. (During configuration, you must specify which ports will participate in encryption/authentication.)
For Cisco 7200 series routers without an ESA installed, the Cisco IOS crypto engine will govern any port adapter's ports. For Cisco 7200 series routers with an ESA installed, the ESA's HW crypto engine will govern any port adapter's ports.
For Cisco 7000 series, Cisco 7200 series, Cisco 7500 series routers, or the RSM/VIP2 with an ESA, you need to complete certain configuration tasks for each crypto engine of your router if you want that crypto engine to provide encryption/authentication for the ports it governs. These tasks are to generate DSS keys and to exchange DSS keys. (These tasks are described in the "Essential Encryption/Authentication Configuration Tasks" section on page 23.)
In Cisco 7000 series or 7500 series routers with one or more VIP2-40 and ESA, your router will have multiple crypto engines. When you configure these crypto engines, you must identify them by a chassis slot number. The HW crypto engines are identified by the chassis slot number in which the VIP2-40 and ESA is installed.
A VIP2-40 and RSP will perform encryption/decryption via software (the Cisco IOS crypto engine) if no ESA is installed on the VIP2-40. After you configure a Cisco IOS crypto engine, you can configure any port governed by that SW crypto engine to perform encryption/authentication. Most of the currently available port adapters, which are compatible with the VIP2-40, can be installed on a VIP2-40 alongside an ESA. (For specific, additional port adapter limitations for VIP2-40, see the "Hardware, Software, and Compliance Prerequisites" section on page 9.)
The ESA can be installed in either port adapter slot 0 or 1 on the VIP2-40; however, you must install the appropriate port adapter in the VIP2-40 port adapter slot adjacent to the ESA.
In the Cisco 7200 series, the router has only one active crypto engine. If an ESA is installed, you must identify it by a chassis slot number when you configure the crypto engine. You must also identify the ports that you want to use for encryption/decryption. These ports are identified by the chassis slot number(s) in which the port adapter is installed. After you configure the crypto engine, you can configure any port that is governed by the crypto engine to perform encryption/authentication.
Most currently available port adapters compatible with the Cisco 7200 series can be installed in a Cisco 7200 series router with an ESA. (For specific, additional port adapter limitations for the Cisco 7200 series, see the "Hardware, Software, and Compliance Prerequisites" section on page 9.)
Use the show diagbus command to determine if your installed ESA is recognized by your system.
Following is sample output of the show diagbus command with an ESA installed on a VIP2-40:
Router# show diag
Slot 0:
Physical slot 0, ~physical slot 0xF, logical slot 0, CBus 1
Microcode Status 0x4
Master Enable, LED, WCS Loaded
Board is analyzed
Pending I/O Status: Console I/O, Debug I/O
EEPROM format version 1
C5IP controler, HW rev 1.0, board revision A0
Serial number: 00000001 Part number: 00-0000-01
Test history: 0x00 RMA number: 00-00-00
Flags: cisco 7000 board; 7500 compatible
(display text omitted]
PA Bay 1 Information:
Encryption SA
EEPROM format version 1
HW rev 1.0, Board revision UNKNOWN
Serial number: 00000444 Part number: 73-1557-07
Task 1---Generate DSS Public/Private Keys: you must perform task 1 one time only for each crypto engine of the router that you plan to use. (For a description of crypto engines, see "Cisco IOS Crypto Engine" section, "VIP2 Crypto Engine" section, and the "Data Encryption Service Adapter Crypto Engine" section.) The DSS key pair generated in task 1 will be used with every peer encrypting router to which you connect.
Task 2---Exchange DSS Public Keys: task 2 must be accomplished for each peer encrypting router that your router will connect to for encrypted sessions. If the network contains several peer encrypting routers that you will be using for encrypted communication, you will need to exchange DSS keys multiple times (once for each peer router). If you ever add an encrypting peer router to your network topology, you will need to exchange DSS keys with the new router to enable encryption to occur with that new router.
Task 2 involves making a phone call to the administrator of the peer encrypting router. You need to be in voice contact with the other administrator during task 2 to voice-authenticate the source of exchanged DSS public keys. It is likely that you will confer with the peer router administrator prior to task 2, to plan your encryption strategy. When you discuss this strategy, you need to decide what DES algorithm both your routers will be using, because you must both configure the same DES algorithm if encryption is to work.
Task 3---Enable DES Encryption Algorithms: perform task 3 at any time prior to encrypted communication. You might choose to perform this step in conjunction with (or even before) task 2; however, we recommend that you enable DES encryption algorithms before performing task 4.
Task 4---Define Crypto Maps and Assign them to Interfaces: task 4 is typically performed last. You must complete task 4 to allow specific router interfaces to perform encryption/authentication.
These four tasks are described in the following sections.
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Generate DSS public and private keys. | crypto gen-signature-keys key-name [slot] |
View your DSS public key (private key not viewable). | show crypto mypubkey [slot] |
Save DSS keys to private NVRAM (only for Cisco IOS crypto engines). | copy running-config startup-config |
You must exchange the DSS public keys of each crypto engine that you will be using.
To successfully exchange DSS public keys, you must cooperate with a trusted administrator of the other peer router. You and the administrator of the peer router must complete the following steps in the order given (refer to Figure 10 on page 26):
Step 1 You and the other administrator decide which of you will be called PASSIVE, and which will be called ACTIVE.
Phone the other person to verbally assign the PASSIVE and ACTIVE roles. You will remain on the phone with this person until you complete all the steps in this list.
Step 2 PASSIVE enables a DSS exchange connection.
The person who is assigned PASSIVE should enable DSS exchange connection by entering the crypto key-exchange passive [TCP-port] command.
Step 3 ACTIVE creates a DSS exchange connection and sends a DSS public key.
The person who is assigned ACTIVE should initiate connection and send DSS public key by entering the crypto key-exchange ip-address key-name [TCP-port] command.
Step 4 You both observe the serial number and fingerprint of ACTIVE's DSS public key. The DSS key's serial number and fingerprint are numeric values that will be displayed on both screens at this time.
Step 5 You both read to each other the DSS key serial number and fingerprint displayed on your screens. The two numbers on both screens should be identical. ACTIVE asks PASSIVE to accept the DSS key. If the numbers match, PASSIVE should agree to accept ACTIVE's DSS key.
Step 6 PASSIVE sends ACTIVE a DSS public key.
PASSIVE's screen will display a prompt to send a DSS public key in return. PASSIVE should press Return to continue. PASSIVE will be prompted to confirm a public key name. When PASSIVE accepts a name by pressing Return, the DSS public key will be sent to ACTIVE.
Step 7 PASSIVE's DSS serial number and fingerprint display on both screens.
Step 8 As before, you both verbally verify that PASSIVE's DSS serial number and fingerprint match on both screens.
Step 9 ACTIVE agrees to accept PASSIVE's DSS public key.
DSS public keys have been exchanged, so both of you can now hang up the phone.
To conduct an encrypted session with a peer router, you must enable at least one DES algorithm that the peer router also has enabled.
Cisco (and the ESA) supports the following four types of DES encryption algorithms:
If you do not know if your image is exportable or nonexportable, you can enter the show crypto algorithms command to determine which DES algorithms are currently enabled.
To globally enable one or more DES algorithms, perform one or more of the following global configuration tasks:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Enable DES with 8-bit or 64-bit CFB. | crypto algorithm des [cfb-8 | cfb-64] |
Enable 40-bit DES with 8-bit or 64-bit CFB. | crypto algorithm 40-bit-des [cfb-8 | cfb-64] |
View all enabled DES algorigthms. |
The purpose of this task is to tell your router which IP packets to encrypt or decrypt, and also which DES encryption algorithm to use when encrypting/decrypting the packets.
There are three steps required to complete this task:
Step 1 Set Up Encryption Access Lists
Step 2 Define Crypto Maps
Step 3 Apply Crypto Maps to Interfaces
To set up encryption access lists for IP packet encryption, perform the following global configuration task:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Enable or disable encryption for a network. | access-list access-list-number [dynamic dynamic-name [timeout minutes]] {deny | permit} protocol source source-wildcard destination destination-wildcard [precedence precedence] [tos tos] [log] |
Entering the permit keyword will cause all traffic that is passed between the specified source and destination addresses to be encrypted/decrypted by peer routers. Entering the deny keyword prevents that traffic from being encrypted/decrypted by peer routers.
| Caution When you are creating encryption access lists, we recommend that you do not use the any keyword to specify source or destination addresses. Entering the any keyword could cause extreme problems if a packet enters your router and is destined for a router that is not configured for encryption/authentication. This would cause your router to attempt to set up an encryption session with a nonencrypting router. |
If you enter the show extended IP access-lists command, the router will show all extended IP access lists that have been defined, including those that are used for traffic filtering purposes as well as those that are used for encryption. The output of the show command does not differentiate between the two uses of the extended access lists.
Crypto maps are used to specify which DES encryption algorithm(s) will be used with each access list defined in the previous step. Crypto maps are also used to identify which peer routers will provide the remote end encryption/authentication services. You must define one crypto map for each interface that will send encrypted data to a peer-encrypting router.
To define a crypto map, perform the following tasks. Perform the first task in global configuration mode; perform the other tasks in crypto map configuration mode.
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Name the crypto map and enter the crypto map configuration mode. | crypto map map-name [seq-no] |
Specify the remote peer router's name. | set peer key-name |
Specify the encryption access list. | match address access-list |
Specify the DES encryption algorithm to be used. | set algorithm des [cfb-8 | cfb-64] or set algorithm 40-bit-des [cfb-8 | cfb-64] |
This step applies the crypto maps to an interface. You must apply exactly one crypto map to each interface that will encrypt outbound data and decrypt inbound data. This interface provides the encrypted connection to a peer-encrypting router. An interface will not encrypt/decrypt data until you apply a crypto map to the interface.
To apply a crypto map to an interface, perform this interface configuration task:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Apply a crypto map to an interface. | crypto map map-name |
The following optional tasks are described below:
The default time duration of an encrypted session is 30 minutes. After the default time duration expires, you must renegotiate an encrypted session if encrypted communication is to continue. You can change this default to extend or decrease the time of encrypted sessions.
To change the time duration of encrypted sessions, perform at least the first of the following global configuration tasks:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Define the maximum time duration of encrypted sessions. | crypto key-timeout minutes |
View the defined time duration of encrypted sessions. |
To pregenerate DH numbers, perform this global configuration task:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Pregenerate DH numbers. | crypto pregen-dh-pairs number [slot] |
If you choose to stop using encryption on a router, you can delete its public/private DSS key pair(s).
| Caution DSS keys cannot be recovered after they have been removed. Use this function only after careful consideration. |
To remove your DSS public/private keys (for all crypto engines) from your router, perform this global configuration task:
| Task | command |
|---|---|
Remove DSS keys from your router. |
This section discusses how you can verify your configuration and the correct operation of encryption/authentication. This section also discusses diagnosing connection problems.
You should complete all the essential configuration tasks (as described in the "Essential Encryption/Authentication Configuration Tasks" section) before trying to test or troubleshoot your encryption configuration.
If you want to test the packet encryption setup between peers, you can manually attempt to establish a session by specifying the IP address of a local host and a remote host that have been specified in an encryption access list.
To test the encryption setup, perform these tasks in privileged EXEC mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Set up a test encryption session. | test crypto initiate-session src-IP-addr dst-IP-addr map-name seq-num |
View the connection status. |
An example at the end of this configuration note explains how to interpret the show crypto connections command output.
If you need to verify the state of a connection, perform these tasks in privileged EXEC mode:
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
Check status of connection setup. | |
Check status of a crypto map. | |
Check that connection is established and that packets are being encrypted. |
Debug commands are also available to assist in problem-solving. These commands are documented in the Debug Command Reference publication.
The following sections provide examples of configuring and testing your router for network data encryption with router authentication:
The following example illustrates two encrypting peer routers (named Apricot and Banana) generating their respective DSS public/private keys. Apricot is a Cisco 2500 series router. Banana is a Cisco 7500 series router with an RSP in chassis slot 4 and an ESA/VIP2-40 in chassis slot 2.
Apricot(config)# crypto gen-signature-keys Apricot Generating DSS keys .... [OK] Apricot(config)#
Banana(config)# crypto gen-signature-keys BananaIOS 4 Generating DSS keys .... [OK] Banana(config)# crypto gen-signature-keys BananaESA 2 % Initialize the crypto card password. You will need this password in order to generate new signature keys or clear the crypto card extraction latch. Password: <passwd> Re-enter password: <passwd> Generating DSS keys .... [OK] Banana(config)#
The password entered in the preceding example is a new password that you create when you generate DSS keys for an ESA crypto engine for the first time. If you generate DSS keys a second time for the same ESA crypto engine, you must use the same password to complete the key regeneration.
Banana(config)# crypto key-exchange passive Enter escape character to abort if connection does not complete. Wait for connection from peer[confirm]<Return> Waiting ....
PASSIVE must wait while ACTIVE initiates the connection and sends a DSS public key.
Apricot(config)# crypto key-exchange 192.168.114.68 Apricot Public key for Apricot: Serial Number 01461300 0F1D 373F 2FC1 872C D5D7 Wait for peer to send a key[confirm]<Return> Waiting ....
After ACTIVE sends a DSS public key, the key's serial number and fingerprint display on both terminals, as shown previously and as follows:
Public key for Apricot: Serial Number 01461300 Fingerprint 0F1D 373F 2FC1 872C D5D7 Add this public key to the configuration? [yes/no]: y
Now you both must verbally verify that your two screens show the same serial number and fingerprint. If they do, PASSIVE will accept the DSS key as shown previously by typing y, and continue by sending ACTIVE a DSS public key:
Send peer a key in return[confirm]<Return> Which one? BananaIOS? [yes]: n BananaESA? [yes]: <Return> Public key for BananaESA: Serial Number 01579312 Fingerprint BF1F 9EAC B17E F2A1 BA77
You both observe Banana's serial number and fingerprint on your screens. Again, you verbally verify that the two screens show the same numbers.
Public key for BananaESA: Serial Number 01579312 Fingerprint BF1F 9EAC B17E F2A1 BA77 Add this public key to the configuration? [yes/no]: y Apricot(config)#
ACTIVE accepts Apricot's DSS public key. Both administrators hang up the phone and the key exchange is complete.
Figure 11 shows the two complete screens of the two routers. The steps are numbered on the figure to show the sequence of the entire exchange.
In this example, a router (Apricot) globally enables two DES algorithms: the basic DES algorithm with 8-bit Cipher Feedback (CFB), and the 40-bit DES algorithm with 8-bit CFB. Another router (Banana) globally enables three DES algorithms: the basic DES algorithm with 8-bit CFB, the basic DES algorithm with 64-bit CFB, and the 40-bit DES algorithm with 8-bit CFB.
The following commands are entered from the global configuration mode.
crypto algorithm des cfb-8 crypto algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-8
crypto algorithm des cfb-8 crypto algorithm des cfb-64 crypto algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-8
The following two examples show how to set up interfaces for encrypted transmission. Participating routers will be configured as encrypting peers for IP packet encryption.
In the first example, a team of researchers at a remote site communicates with a research coordinator at headquarters. Company-confidential information is exchanged by IP traffic that consists only of TCP data. Figure 12 shows the network topology.
In the first example, Apricot is a Cisco 2500 series router, and Banana is a Cisco 7500 series router with an ESA/VIP2-40 in chassis slot 4.
Apricot(config)# access-list 101 permit tcp 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240 host 192.168.15.6
Apricot(config)# crypto map Research 10
Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set peer BananaESA
Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm des cfb-8
Apricot(config-crypto-map)# match address 101
Apricot(config-crypto-map)# exit
Apricot(config)# interface s0
Apricot(config-if)# crypto map Research
Apricot(config-if)# exit
Apricot(config)#
Banana(config)# access-list 110 permit tcp host 192.168.15.6 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240
Banana(config)# crypto map Rsrch 10
Banana(config-crypto-map)# set peer Apricot
Banana(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm des cfb-8
Banana(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm des cfb-64
Banana(config-crypto-map)# match address 110
Banana(config-crypto-map)# exit
Banana(config)# interface s4/0/2
Banana(config-if)# crypto map Rsrch
Banana(config-if)# exit
Banana(config)#
Because Banana sets two DES algorithms for crypto map Rsrch, Banana could use either algorithm with traffic on the S4/0/2 interface. However, because Apricot only sets one DES algorithm (CFB-8 DES) for the crypto map Research, that is the only DES algorithm that will be used for all encrypted traffic between Apricot and Banana.
In this example, employees at two branch offices and at headquarters must communicate sensitive information. A mix of TCP and UDP traffic is transmitted by IP packets. Figure 13 shows the network topology used in this example.
Apricot is a Cisco 2500 series router and connects to the Internet through port S1. Both Banana and Cantaloupe are Cisco 7500 series routers with ESAs. Banana connects to the Internet using the ESA-governed VIP2-40 interface S4/1/2. Cantaloupe is already using every VIP2-40 port (governed by the ESA) to connect to several off-site financial services, and so must connect to the Internet using a serial interface (S3/1) in slot 3. (Cantaloupe's interface S3/1 is governed by the Cisco IOS crypto engine.)
Apricot will be using one interface to communicate with both Banana and Cantaloupe. Because only one crypto map can be applied to this interface, Apricot creates a crypto map that has two distinct definition sets by using the seq-no argument with the crypto map command. By using seq-no values of 10 and 20, Apricot creates a single crypto map named "TXandNY" that contains a subset of definitions for encrypted sessions with Banana, and a second distinct subset for definitions for encrypted sessions with Cantaloupe.
Banana and Cantaloupe also use a single interface to communicate with the other two routers and therefore, will use the same strategy as Apricot does for creating crypto maps.
In this example, we assume that Apricot has generated DSS keys with the key-name "Apricot.TokyoBranch," Banana has generated DSS keys with the key-name "BananaESA.TXbranch," and Cantaloupe has generated DSS keys with the key-name CantaloupeIOS.NY." We also assume that each router has exchanged DSS public keys with the other two routers, and that each router has enabled each DES algorithm that is specified in the crypto maps.
Apricot(config)#access-list 105 permit tcp 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0Apricot(config)#access-list 105 permit udp 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0Apricot(config)#access-list 106 permit tcp 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0Apricot(config)#access-list 106 permit udp 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 Apricot(config)# crypto map TXandNY 10 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set peer BananaESA.TXbranch Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-8 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# match address 105 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# exit Apricot(config)# crypto map TXandNY 20 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set peer CantaloupeIOS.NY Apricot(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-64 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# match address 106 Apricot(config-crypto-map)# exit Apricot(config)# interface s1 Apricot(config-if)# crypto map TXandNY Apricot(config-if)# exit
Banana(config)#access-list 110 permit tcp 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240Banana(config)#access-list 110 permit udp 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240Banana(config)#access-list 120 permit tcp 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0Banana(config)#access-list 120 permit udp 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 Banana(config)# crypto map USA 10 Banana(config-crypto-map)# set peer Apricot.TokyoBranch Banana(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-8 Banana(config-crypto-map)# match address 110 Banana(config-crypto-map)# exit Banana(config)# crypto map USA 20 Banana(config-crypto-map)# set peer CantaloupeIOS.NY Banana(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm des cfb-64 Banana(config-crypto-map)# match address 120 Banana(config-crypto-map)# exit Banana(config)# interface s4/1/2 Banana(config-if)# crypto map USA Banana(config-if)# exit
Cantaloupe(config)#access-list 101 permit tcp 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240Cantaloupe(config)#access-list 101 permit udp 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.240Cantaloupe(config)#access-list 102 permit tcp 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0Cantaloupe(config)#access-list 102 permit udp 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.204.0 255.255.255.0 Cantaloupe(config)# crypto map satellites 10 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# set peer Apricot.TokyoBranch Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm 40-bit-des cfb-64 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# match address 101 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# exit Cantaloupe(config)# crypto map satellites 20 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# set peer BananaESA.TXbranch Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# set algorithm des cfb-64 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# match address 102 Cantaloupe(config-crypto-map)# exit Cantaloupe(config)# interface s3/1 Cantaloupe(config-if)# crypto map satellites Cantaloupe(config-if)# exit
The previous configurations will result in DES encryption algorithms being applied to encrypted IP traffic as shown in Figure 14.
This section describes how to set up and verify a test encryption session.
Assume the same network topology and configuration as in the previous example and shown in Figure 13 on page 35.
Router Apricot sets up a test encryption session with router Banana, and then views the connection status to verify a successful encrypted session connection.
Step 1 Router Apricot sets up a test encryption connection with router Banana.
Apricot# test crypto initiate-session 192.168.3.12 192.168.204.110 BananaESA.TXbranch 10 Sending CIM to: 192.168.204.110 from: 192.168.3.12. Connection id: -1
Notice the Connection id value is -1. A negative value indicates that the connection is being set up.
Step 2 Router Apricot issues the show crypto connections command.
Apricot# show crypto connections
Pending Connection Table
PE UPE Timestamp Conn_id
192.168.3.10 192.168.204.100 730944064 -1
Connection Table
PE UPE Conn_id New_id Alg Time
192.168.3.10 192.168.204.100 -1 1 0 0
flags:USED_NODE PEND_CONN
Look in the Pending Connection Table for an entry with a Conn_id value equal to the previously shown Connection id value---in this case, look for an entry with a Conn_id value of -1. If this is the first time an encrypted connection has been attempted, there will only be one entry (as shown).
Note the PE and UPE addresses for this entry.
Step 3 Now, look in the Connection Table for an entry with the same PE and UPE addresses. In this case, there is only one entry in both tables.
Step 4 At the Connection Table entry, note the Conn_id and New_id values. In this case, Conn_id equals -1, and New_id equals 1. The New_id value of 1 will be assigned to the test connection when setup is complete. (Positive numbers are assigned to established, active connections.)
Step 5 Apricot waits a moment for the test connection to set up and then reissues the show crypto connections command.
Apricot# show crypto connections
Pending Connection Table
PE UPE Timestamp Conn_id
192.168.3.10 192.168.204.100 730944064 -1
Connection Table
PE UPE Conn_id New_id Alg Time
192.168.3.10 192.168.204.100 1 1 0 0
flags:USED_NODE PEND_CONN
Again, look for the Connection Table entry with the same PE and UPE addresses as shown before. In this entry, notice that the Conn_id value has changed to 1. This indicates that the test connection has been successfully established because the Conn_id value changed to match the New_id value of Step 4. (Also, New_id has been reset to 0 at this point.)
The show crypto connections command is explained in greater detail in the chapter "Network Data Encryption and Router Authentication Commands" in the Security Command Reference. It includes a description of how connection ids are assigned during and following connection setup.
Refer to the following configuration and command reference publications for your configuration:
For your Catalyst VIP2 port adapters, use this configuration note with the Route Switch Module Catalyst VIP2-15 and VIP2-40 Installation and Configuration Note (Document Number 78-4780-01), which shipped with your Catalyst VIP2.
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Posted: Mon Jul 26 09:47:55 PDT 1999
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